Sunday, October 24, 2021

"Dream Children : A Reverie" of Charles Lamb - Summary and interpretation.

Introduction 

"Dream Children : A Reverie" is a Romantic and Autobiographical Essay written by the famous English essayist Charles Lamb. This essay has been taken  from "The Essays of Elia". In the essay Lamb  is telling the story of his childhood and youth to his children John and Alice who are dream children.Actually Lamb was a confirmed bachelor and so he had no children. Though Lamb courted Alice Winterton for long seven years, he could not marry his beloved. Charles Lamb had to sacrifice his personal comfort, personal life rather, for taking care of his insane sister Mary Ann Lamb. Mary, introduced as Bridget in this essay , was sent to lunatic asylum for a period of time and ultimately she was released to the care of her brother Lamb. The essayist Charles Lamb was first employed in the South Sea House and later in the East India House Where he worked till his superannuation. 

Summary : Charles Lamb has started his essay with a universal expression :" Children love to listen to stories about their elders, when they were children;" Here we find no exception. One evening Lamb's little ones (children)  crept  to him to hear about their great-grandmother (Lamb's grandmother Mary Field) Mrs. Field. This lady lived in a big house in Norfolk with all dignity though she was the caretaker of this great mansion. The whole story of the 'Ballad of the children in the wood' was carved in wood upon the chimney  piece, but the owner of the house  replaced it with  a marble having no story carved upon it. The owner purchased a new and fashionable building somewhere in the neighbouring country. Mrs. Field lived here alone and kept up all dignity of this big mansion so long she lived and after her death everything of this house decayed. Naturally, all the old and antique ornaments of this great palace were carried away and set up in the new house that looked  awkward.

Mrs Field was a lady of great quality and personality. Every one of the locality loved and respected her for her good and pious nature. She knew all the psalms and a great part of the Testament by heart. When she died, all the poor and some of the gentry of the neighbourhood surrounding many miles assembled to attend her funeral. It proves her dignity and acceptability. Lamb's grandmother was a tall, upright and graceful person, an esteemed dancer, but cancer attacked her , bowed her down and stopped her rhythm. It could not robe her good spirit and mental strength. Charles Lamb,when was a boy, used to come here and spent many a hours, many a days, in his grandmother's great house in Norfolk.

Mrs. Field, Lamb says to his  children, was not only good and religious, but  very courageous also. She lived all alone in this big house which was frequented, she believed, by the apparition of two infants. The child ghosts were seen at midnight gliding up and down the staircase where Mrs. Field slept. She said:"those innocents would do her no harm". Charles was very much afraid of the apparition though the maid did sleep with him. He never came across the infants. Mrs. Field was very good to all her grand children and loved intensely them who got together in the house during holidays. 

Charles Lamb says to his children John and Alice about how he spent his days in the big house in his own romantic way. There were the busts of twelve Caesars, the Emperors of Rome, in that house. Lamb gazed upon them in such a meditative way that either the marble heads seemed to be alive again or Lamb himself turned into marble with the Caesars. He roamed in the vast empty rooms of  the huge  mansion tirelessly , roamed amidst  the old worn-out hangings and tapestry. In the specious old-fashioned garden Lamb wandered all alone except the occasional meeting with the solitary gardener. He was not tempted to pluck the peaches or nectarines, he only gained immense pleasure in strolling among the melancholy looking yew trees or the firs. He sank into the fresh grass of the garden enjoying the smell around him and the warmth of the orangery. At the bottom of the garden there was a fish pond where a 'dace' moved to and fro and a 'pike' stood midway down the water still. He gained pleasure more  in this busy-idle diversions than all those sweet scented fruits which are the common bait of the children.

Charles Lamb now told about the uncle of John and Alice. Their uncle John L---- was loved most by their grandmother because he was a handsome, brave and spirited boy, king to the rest.Charles liked to be pent up in the house and garden, but John could mount up the most mettlesome horse , roamed the surrounding area and joined the hunters. John drew others' attention and admiration, that of  their grandmother specially. When Charles became lame-footed and could not walk for pain, John carried him many a mile. On the other hand, when John became lame-footed Charles could not tolerate him like an ungrateful brother. Once the doctor amputated the limb of John and later he died. After John's death Charles realized the distance between life and death, now he missed John very much and wished to have him again.

Towards the end of the essay Charles Lamb told his children that he courted their mother Alice Winterton for seven years. He found that his daughter Alice took after her mother accurately with the same bright hair, same look. At that point he gazed at John and Alice and felt that both of the children started receding , receding farther and farther ; they gradually grew fainter and at last two mournful features were seen at the uttermost distance. The whole situation impressed upon Lamb the effects of some speech like this : " We are not of Alice, nor of thee, nor are we children at all.The children of Alice call Bartrum father. We are nothing, less than nothing, and dreams. We are only what might have been,....". Suddenly Lamb awoke from his reverie  and found that he was sitting on his bachelor's arm-chair, only the faithful Bridget, his sister , was by his side.   

Monday, October 4, 2021

Different types of Hungers in Jayanta Mahapatra's poem "Hunger".



               Hunger   

                        Jayanta Mahapatra

Stanza - 1

It was hard to believe the flesh was heavy on my back.
The fisherman said: Will you have her, carelessly,
trailing his nets and his nerves, as though his words
sanctified the purpose with which he faced himself.
I saw his white bone thrash his eyes.

Summary :  The speaker says that his 'flesh was heavy' that means the fleshly desire or the sexual desire was strongly felt by him which he himself can not believe.The fisherman says that he (the spesker) may enjoy her ( fisherman's daughter).He says it in a casual manner, as if, offering his daughter to a customer in not immoral. He is collecting his net and also collecting his nerve i.e. pulling mental strength. The fisherman says in such an air that his words supports or sanctifies his activity, his purpose or situation which he has faced now. It is the bottomless poverty and the customer which the fisherman has faced. The fisherman is so emaciated that his bone of the cheek is exposed and eyes go deep. His poverty is prominently written on his face.

Stanza - 2

I followed him across the sprawling sands,
my mind thumping in the flesh’s sling.
Hope lay perhaps in burning the house I lived in.
Silence gripped my sleeves; his body clawed at the froth
his old nets had only dragged up from the seas.

Summary : The fisherman is going to his hut and the speaker is following him through the widely spreading sands. The speaker's mind is under the pressure the flesh. He is  eager for sex. Poet's house meaning poet's good  name and good disposition is burning, but hope is there still. Silence has caught the sleeves of the speaker ,as if, he will not be allowed for that crime . The fisherman  is dragging up his old net from the sea with utmost efforts causing tearing effect on his body.

Stanza - 3 

In the flickering dark his hut opened like a wound.
The wind was I, and the days and nights before.
Palm fronds scratched my skin. Inside the shack
an oil lamp splayed the hours bunched to those walls.
Over and over the sticky soot crossed the space of my mind.

Summary :  The small hut of the fisherman is opened.  In the flickering darkness of the evening the hut appears as a wound to the speaker. He is so psychologically affected that the sense of days and nights goes away from him. The shabby cottage is dimly lit by an oil lamp, not properly trimmed and all the hours are, as if, bunched to the walls of the hut. The sticky soot  hanging in the shack crosses the mind of the speaker indicating the pathetic reality.

Stanza - 4 

I heard him say: My daughter, she’s just turned fifteen

Feel her. I’ll be back soon, your bus leaves at nine.
The sky fell on me, and a father’s exhausted wile.
Long and lean, her years were cold as rubber.
She opened her wormy legs wide. I felt the hunger there,
the other one, the fish slithering, turning inside.

Summary : The fisherman speaks shamelessly to the speaker that his daughter is of fifteen and he may feel her as his will. He leaves the room saying that the speaker's bus would leave at nine.This is the culminating point for sexual gratification but a sense of catastrophe engulfs him. He thinks about the father's trick on him. What does the speaker find in the girl of fifteen ? He finds no warmth of teens, her body is as cold as rubber. When she opens her leg wide, she projects a wormy limb.In stead of excitement the speaker feels a repealing effect.The speaker feels another hunger that  easily suppresses his sexual hunger. The speaker feels inside his stomach a moving sensation, like the movement of fish. Now he realizes the effect of hunger on human beings.

Different types of Hungers :

Literally Hunger means the desire for food when one feels appetite and in a broad sense hunger is the strong  desire or craving for something. In Jayanta Mahapatra's poem Hunger we find two different types of primal hunger : one is the hunger for  food and the other is the strong desire (hunger) for sex. The poor fisherman and his helpless daughter are the victims of the hunger for food, while the young man who met with the fisherman felt the hunger for sex . These two types of biological hunger stand face to face.

Two sorts of hunger in this poem project two ugly sides of our society and also two types of men living in this society. The grim reality is that a type of people who constitute the major part of our society are caught in the financial web which is the sequel of the uneven and unscrupulous distribution of wealth in our society.  




Friday, October 1, 2021

Futility by Wilfred Owen


Futility
              Wilfred Owen


Move him into the sun—
Gently its touch awoke him once,
At home, whispering of fields half-sown.
Always it woke him, even in France,
Until this morning and this snow.
If anything might rouse him now
The kind old sun will know.

Think how it wakes the seeds—
Woke once the clays of a cold star.
Are limbs, so dear-achieved, are sides
Full-nerved, still warm, too hard to stir?
Was it for this the clay grew tall?
—O what made fatuous sunbeams toil
To break earth's sleep at all?

A few words before reading the poem:  

           Wilfred Owen is a war poet and this poem "Futility" is an anti-war poem. As Owen joined the First World War, he had the bitter experiences of  war. What we find in the poems of Owen is not the horror of war, but "The pity of war, the pity war distilled."(Strange Meeting) .  To him war is an 'organized butchery of  boys' and his poems are the protest against the dehumanizing ugliness of war,  against the sinful ambition of the war mongers and the politicians.

             The background of the poem "Futility" is concerned with the war. A soldier is shot dead by the enemies. The fellow-soldiers take the dead body in the bright Sun shine. Their expectation is that the Sun must revive their friend. In such a situation the poem begins.

   Summary : 
        
   One of the fellow soldiers says others to move the dead body of the war victim into the sun. He says that the Sun performs the duty of waking and its gentle touch used to awake the soldier during all past days. When the soldier was at his native place and did his cultivation, the Sun whispered to him at dawn to remind him that the field is not sown. Not only at home , even in the battle field in France the Sun has awoken the soldier in this  snowy morning also. Only the Sun knows the trick of rousing a person . If anybody can rouse/wake the dead soldier, it is the kind old Sun, nobody else.
       
   Now the poet-soldier starts eulogizing the waking power of the Sun. One must think how the Sun wakes the seeds and makes plants. It can never be denied that it is the Sun which once woke the soil of this cold Earth. It means that the Sun gradually made the clay of the Earth warm through crores of years and made  the suitable environment to create life in this world. The condition of the soldier is not so critical like the cold clay of the barren earth. Each limb of the dead soldier is build with proper care (dear-achieved),the nerves of both sides of the body is still full of consciousness and the body is still warm. Will it be so hard that the Sun will not be able to stir (revive) the lifeless soldier. Not a singe ray of hope is dawned in the speaker's mind. Naturally he questions the Sun. Was the body of the soldier built and grown tall for this purpose. if it be destroyed so easily by the war-mongers.If it be so, the Sun is proved fool.The toil of the sun/sunbeams in creating life in this Earth (breaking Earth's sleep)is fruitless.Futility is in the action of the Sun.  

   Foot-notes: At home - the native pace of the dead soldier, France - battlefield in France, Clays  - soil, Cold star - the Earth, To stir - to revive, Clay - the body of the dead soldier as it is made of clay as one basic element, Fatuous - useless/fool/futile.