"Crossing the Bar" by Lord Tennyson is a true metaphorical poem.

The Text

Sunset and evening star,

      And one clear call for me!

And may there be no moaning of the bar,

      When I put out to sea,

   But such a tide as moving seems asleep,

      Too full for sound and foam,

When that which drew from out the boundless deep

      Turns again home.

   Twilight and evening bell,

      And after that the dark!

And may there be no sadness of farewell,

      When I embark;

   For tho' from out our bourne of Time and Place

      The flood may bear me far,

I hope to see my Pilot face to face

      When I have crost the bar. 

                                              

                        ( Lord Alfred Tennyson )

Introductory notes : Bar is a sort of formation of sand with some height under the water, like small reef, that makes some problem in navigation. It is a hazard to the free movement of the ship. A ship has to face some trouble to cross the  sandbar under the water. When the ship can cross the bar, it gets into the open and boundless sea where no inhibition is faced by it. Then it is the sailing  in the limitless, sailing in the infinite realm of wave and water.   

          No, it is not the story of  navigation. No sailing vessel is introduced in this poem . The image of the 'sea and ship' is used metaphorically to  indicate the life of human beings. Some symbols are freely used to make the comparison clear and prominent.

 Subject matter and Metaphor :

           The notion/idea that we hold as eternal is that the Sun rises in the East and sets in the West. Before sun rising Venus is seen distinctly in the sky and it is called the 'Morning Star'. Venus shines brightly in the sky and it is the first star that appears in the sky after the sunset. For this it is called the 'Evening Star'. In the realm of nature the Sun sets in the West , it loses its brightness and the evening star appears. After that the Earth is enveloped with darkness and nothing is seen  and recognized in this state of existence. Human life is metaphorically compared with this natural phenomena. 'Sunset'  and 'Evening Star' symbolize the old age of human being. The poet says when he is in his old age, he clearly hears the call of someone, the call of the other world, the call of death. He has prepared his mind to start the voyage to the other world. In the expression " I put out to sea" the 'sea' stands for the world of death which may well be called the land of 'Afterlife'. The poet expects that in time of his setting out to the afterlife there will be no "moaning of the bar" i.e. nobody will cry or make any expression of sadness. 'Moaning of the bar' indicates the wail-like sound that arises in the seashore from the crashing waves, blowing wind and inclement weather. 

         It is full tide now in the sea. No wave is crashing on the  shore, no sound is heard and no foam is formed . The tide  without any movement seems asleep. The  water that has come from the depth of the sea is turning back in its former position. This natural pelagic phenomena may be compared with the facts of human life. When it is full tide, full to the brim, the movement of the water is about to be stopped.The same is the condition of the poet's mind. Hearing the call of death the poet is not, at all , upset. Like the motionless tide poet's mind is full of serenity. Actually, he is not going to any unknown land. His journey is towards the boundless deep , the original home, from where he once came and trod on this mundane plane, this world controlled by the " bourne of time and place ".

         In the third stanza the poet has first mentioned the phenomenon of the natural world, the matter of 'twilight' , 'evening bell' and 'dark'. Twilight is the period of the day just after the sunset and  before evening. After the setting of the Sun some brightness remains but that does not last long. Evening , the boundary between day and night, proclaims the impending darkness, the dark state of the world, when nothing can be seen. Twilight stands for the old age, the evening bell symbolizes the impending death and the dark is the symbol to the world of death. One question arises here. Is the other world really dark ? The other world is dark to those people who do not know the philosophy of present human life ,  the life before birth and the life after death. The poet thinks it in other way. To him death is not a  matter of panic, it is inspiring , it is a bright plane. For this the poet intends a happy farewell in time of his embarking of the other world. He expects nobody would feel any pang in heart when the poet would breathe his last.   The last age of human being is metaphorically compared with the matter of twilight , evening and the dark.

       Poet's expectation and that of us is that the flood of death would bear the poet's soul to a far land from the limit of time and place of this material world. The poet is so optimistic that he is  sure of the meeting with the 'pilot'. He  would see the pilot or God face to face when he would cross the bar denoting the barrier of death. One can touch the realm of afterlife, if one can cross the sand bar i.e. death.

Symbolism in "Crossing the Bar" : Symbol is a word that is derived from the Greek noun 'symbolon' meaning 'mark', 'emblem', 'token' or 'sign' and from the Greek verb 'symballein' that means  'to through together'. However in literature, symbol is an object , big or small, animate or inanimate, that represents something else. A symbol, unlike the allegory, has a real existence. 

   Sunset, twilight , evening star and dark are four prominent symbols taken from the natural world and all are related to evening.Sunset and twilight stand for the 'old age'. Evening star represents the 'sign of death'  and dark is the symbol of 'death'. The sandbar symbolizes  'the fine barrier of death'.    Boundless deep is the symbol of the 'other world' and home denotes our original home, the place meant for afterlife. The word farewell indicates the 'time of death' and embark stands for the 'voyage for other world'. Pilot is the most prominent symbol  which stands for 'God' himself. All these symbols used by Tennyson jointly help him to convey the spiritual  message related to the human life.    

Thematic similitude between John Keats' poem "The poetry of Earth" and Thomas Hardy's poem " In time of the breaking of Nation " .

    Introduction  :-

 John Keats (1795 - 1821) , the poet of Nature,was one of the Romantic Poets of the younger generation.  Thomas Hardy (1840 - 1928) was a Victorian realist who was famous for his Novels as well as poems. What I am going to present here are   two  poems of these two poets : one is John Keats' poem "The poetry of Earth" and the other one being Thomas Hardy's poem " In time of the breaking of  Nation ". Though these poems are composed in different time, though these are from the pens of two different personalities, these poems carry a similar message. John Keats' poem "The poetry of Earth" and Thomas Hardy's poem " In time of the breaking of  Nation " are , as if, tuned in the same tone ; the same theme is reflected from the centre of these two eternal songs.

"The poetry of Earth"  ( The text)

The Poetry of earth is never dead:    

 When all the birds are faint with the hot sun,    

And hide in cooling trees, a voice will run    

From hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead;    

That is the Grasshopper’s—he takes the lead      

In summer luxury,—he has never done    

With his delights; for when tired out with fun    

He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed.    

The poetry of earth is ceasing never:    

 On a lone winter evening, when the frost     

 Has wrought a silence, from the stove there shrills    

The Cricket’s song, in warmth increasing ever,    

And seems to one in drowsiness half lost,    

The Grasshopper’s among some grassy hills.

"The poetry of Earth"  :-  The poem starts with a very fascinating line : " The poetry of earth is never dead." The rhythm of the poetry of the earth keeps the earth alive.Crisis and catastrophe may come at any time with all annihilating powers , hard times may strangle the life, but the soul of the earth can not be buried deep. Some agent of the earth must survive amidst danger to continue the song of the soul of the earth. 

     Let us take a peep into the subject matter of  John Keats' poem "The poetry of Earth". In the octave of this sonnet (Petrarchan type) Keats has presented the music of the Summer which is hold firmly in the voice of the 'grasshopper'. All singing birds are exhausted in the extreme heat of the Sun and they , discontinuing the song of life - the music of  the earth, are taking rest in the 'cooling tree' . It does  not mean that the poetry of earth is dead. The grasshopper,the denizen of the 'new-mown mead', comes forward to take the lead and he wanders from hedge to hedge with the inspiring anthem of life. The grasshopper is never tired with the hot sun and has never done with his delights. Being tired out with excessive fun " He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed."  Life or poetry of earth  seems to be stopped, but the reality is that even a tiny insect continues the poetry or song of life when all others who are assigned  to this specific job take the heels away from this arena. 

  

      Like the first stanza (octave) the second one , the sestet, starts with a tone of optimism :

" The poetry of earth is  ceasing never." The poet has presented the music of the Winter in the vioce of 'cricket' . In a lonely winter evening frost has caused a profound silence as each and everyone ,almost all creatures are inside the shelter. Is the  poetry of earth dead then ? No, obviously not.Some shrill sound is prominent from the stove and it is nothing but the cricket's song. This music of the earth is increasing the warmth of the world. 

      This beautiful earth is created by God and everything is so neatly arranged that balance would be maintained every where and every moment. The motion of life, the rhythm of life, is the poetry or song of the earth and this rhythm is perpetual. What does it matter, if the singing birds, the singers of the earth, fail to come and perform their duty ? The tiny creatures like the 'grasshopper' and the 'cricket' , the tiny representative of God, are ready to 

to take the responsibility with a view to continuing the poetry of the earth. 

 

In time of " The breaking of  Nations "  ( The text)

                        I

Only a man harrowing clods

    In a slow silent walk

With an old horse that stumbles and nods

    Half asleep as they stalk.

                       II

Only thin smoke without flame

    From the heaps of couch-grass;

Yet this will go onward the same

    Though Dynasties pass.

                       III

Yonder a maid and her wight

    Come whispering by:

War’s annals will fade into night

    Ere their story die.

In time of " The breaking of  Nations " :-  The subject matter of this poem is very simple one that draws some simple rustic pictures, but the theme of the poem is not limited to the simple and local matter. A man, only a  man, is harrowing  clods silently with his old horse. The horse is so old and exhausted that it nods and stumbles of and on . The movement of these two lonely creatures creates an effect of their half-asleep state. The second picture like the first one is obviously that of the cultivation. A thin smoke is rising from the heap of the burning weeds. The poet says that this smoke-rising from the cultivated land will be going on though the Royal Families will taste the bitterness of annihilation. A lover and his sweet-heart are coming whispering. Their story  of love will continue, will  never end. Love story must achieve the perpetuation ,but the history of war will go to the land of oblivion for ever.

           These three simple rustic pictures jointly emanate a grave and impressive theme of the poem. We find a list of what will go on and what will not.The primal occupation of human life like the cultivation and love making will go on for good. The 'dynasties' or royal families are not perpetual and the war's annals or the record of the war will go to oblivion. Actually, any action  or agent related with destruction can not stand before time. Time's decimating force will turn them to dust. On the other hand, the constructive force and activities are supported by god so that the earth would go on to be peopled. Love making and cultivation are two primal and original activities for the continuation of the nations.  

Henry Wardsworth Longfellow's famous poem "A Psalm of Life" - Summary and Message.

👉Introduction : "A Psalm of Life"  is a lyric poem written by the famous American poet  Henry Wardsworth  Longfellow. The name itself suggests that it has some religious touch and so it is a religious lyric. 'Psalm' is a sacred song or poem used in worship. Here the matter of worshiping is not devoted to any deity or God, it is the worshiping of life. This poem may be said a sort of  'Invocation' to mankind to realize the true meaning of life and to follow the path of righteousness that would make a life meaningful, not 'an empty dream'.

Optimism is at every line of this poem.

 Summary- Stanza 1 :            

Tell me not, in mournful numbers,

   Life is but an empty dream!

For the soul is dead that slumbers,

   And things are not what they seem.

👉 The poet H.W.Longfellow requests one not to tell him in mournful verses or sorrowful  term that life of human being is nothing but an empty dream or a meaningless journey. He rejects such an idea and says that the persons who slumber or are in sleeplike state are dead, obviously the owner of dead soul.He also confirms that the things of this world can not be defined and meant according to their notion. Things of this world are still unrecognized to them as they are  dead soul. 

 Summary- Stanza 2 :

Life is real! Life is earnest!

   And the grave is not its goal;

Dust thou art, to dust returnest,

   Was not spoken of the soul.

  👉 Life of human being created by God has a definite purpose. It is called 'real' by the poet, that means life is 'meaningful'. It is our duty to make our life meaningful. Life is called 'earnest' the meaning of  which is 'sincere'. We have to do everything sincerely  whatever we should do to achieve our 'goal' which is not, with  the least doubt, the 'grave'. Life ends in death, this is destiny, but this can not be the destination of our life.We know that we are made of 'dust', after death our body would turn to dust, but it is not applicable to our soul, because the body is perishable, the soul is not. 

 Summary- Stanza 3 :

Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,

   Is our destined end or way;

But to act, that each to-morrow

   Find us farther than to-day.

 👉 What should be the right and perfect way of living / It is neither 'enjoyment' nor the 'sorrow'. One should not be indulged in excessive enjoyment, not be submersed in the depth of sorrow. Our duty is to act joyfully as assigned to us by God.Acting wisely and properly should be our enjoyment. We must be careful of and mindful to our action so that we can grow each day by slow degree and each tomorrow would bring our further development.

 Summary- Stanza 4 :

Art is long, and Time is fleeting,

   And our hearts, though stout and brave,

Still, like muffled drums, are beating

   Funeral marches to the grave.

👉 Our life is an art , every deed or our life is a part of art and we have to perform it with utmost perfection. The deed or work assigned to us is vast and time-taking .At the same time the work of perfection or the art is long and ever-lasting. On the other hand, the time given us by god that is our life span is very short for performing so many good works. So the poet says that the time is fleeting. We are the owner of strong and brave heart, but we can not stop the heart beats and make our life long. The heart is going on beating like a 'muffled drum' and ends in  our funeral march for taking us to our graves. Taking it to the mind we have to utilize every moment, with courage, for good work.   

 Summary- Stanza 5 :

In the world’s broad field of battle,

   In the bivouac of Life,

Be not like dumb, driven cattle!

   Be a hero in the strife!

👉 The world is compared to a vast battlefield and our life to a temporary camp for the soldiers (bivouac).We are the soldiers to fight the battle of the life bravely within the given stipulated period of time.Human beings are not like the cattle to be driven to any direction  by others. Human life must have a mission, a defined aim to achieve. Our duty is to combat and overcome all trouble and strife on the way of achieving our goal and wear the crown of the hero.

 Summary- Stanza 6 :

Trust no Future, howe’er pleasant!

   Let the dead Past bury its dead!

Act,— act in the living Present!

   Heart within, and God o’erhead!

👉 One should not trust the future though it seems pleasant. The action and result of future are not in our hands, these lacks certitude.The incidents of the past, good or bad, are dead and we should forget them to avoid the pull of the past.The wise decision is to live with the present.One should act with enthusiasm in heart and God,s presence in mind.

 Summary- Stanza 7 :

Lives of great men all remind us

   We can make our lives sublime,

And, departing, leave behind us

   Footprints on the sands of time;

👉 The lives of the great men are the prominent example of the noble purpose of our lives. Through their noble and selfless deeds they have made their lives sublime. They are a sort of education as they remind us that everyone can make  his/her life noble and sublime , can scale many a steps  to achieve the greatest height. Death is our destiny and when we would die we must leave some prominent footprints on the 'sands of time.' 

 Summary- Stanza 8 :

Footprints, that perhaps another,

   Sailing o’er life’s solemn main,

A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,

   Seeing, shall take heart again.

👉 Life of human being is like a vast sea (solemn main ). We sail on this sea to make the life meaningful.The footprints left by us in this world shines like bright pole star. A forlorn brother who,losing all morale and strength of mind, is running a frustrated life will find some ray of hopes in  footprints left by some noble soul before. The noble deeds must inspire the broken mind to pull courage and strength in his/her heart.

 Summary- Stanza 9 :

Let us, then, be up and doing,

   With a heart for any fate;

Still achieving, still pursuing,

   Learn to labor and to wait.

👉 Life of man is not meant to wait and see. It is full of activities. Our heart must always be charged with full energy and courage so that it can confront any situation and can brook any fate. One should not think about the consequence of the action and activities, should not recoil for any imaginary impediment. Our duty is to pursue and achieve our goal. If we learn to labour ,we must not be doubtful of the result. Patient waiting after hard labour brings about prestigious rewards  in life.

Rhetoric or Figure of Speech - The ornamentation of speech.

👉Introduction :

 Ornamentation and  beautification are the essential aspects of art. Speaking is an art and naturally ornamentation as well as  beautification has something to do in this field. A  speech can not be decorated by flowers or colour. Some figures are used for this purpose and these are called 'figure of speech'.

If we take notice intently, we would find that every human being applies his/her own style in expressing himself/herself.To express oneself effectively, impressively and beautifully  is an inherent quality of a man/woman. So a bit of rhetoric is latent in human beings. Literally,rhetoric means the art of orator.(The term rhetoric comes from the Greek word 'rhetor' that means a public speaker.)

The persuasive public speaking needs some 'figures of speech' which appeal in the mind of the listeners. These 'figures of speech' can easily enhance the effect of one's language. Quite interestingly, the term 'figure' comes from the Latin term 'figura' meaning the 'external form or shape of a thing'. It is like the rich external ornamental dress but not embellished externally in the speech ,it mingles in the language. However, 'figures of speech' makes a language remarkable and different from the other. To quote Prof. Bain," A figure of speech is a deviation from the plain and ordinary way of speaking for the sake of greater effect" 

👉Types of  'figures of speech' :

In English literature we find a great many varieties of  'figures of speech'  which are based on different levels and elements - some are based on Similarity, some on Contrast, some on Association, Imagination, Indirectness, sound and so on.  :

(1) Figures based on Similarity       :  * Simile * Metaphor * Allegory * Parable * Fable 

(2) Figures based on  Association    :  * Metonymy  * Synecdoche  * Hypallage  * Allusion

(3) Figures based on Difference       :  * Antithesis  * Epigram  * Climax  * Anti-climax

(4)  Figures based on Imagination    : * Personification * Apostrophe * Hyperbole 

(5)  Figures based on Indirectness    : * Innuendo * Irony * Periphrasis * Euphemism 

(6)  Figures based on Sound             : * Pun * Onomatopoeia * Alliteration * Assonance 

(7)  Figures based on Construction   : * Interrogation * Exclamation * Chiasmus * Zeugma

👉 Simile  (Figure based on Similarity ) 

 " The child looks like a flower "                          

  This is an example of  Simile.

  Simile is the explicit statement of similarity existing between two different things.

  In the given example the two different things are the 'child' and the 'flower'. Beauty is the point of similarity which is clearly stated here. So this is an  example of  Simile.

👉 Metaphor (Figure based on Similarity)

"The camel is the ship of desert."

This is an example of  Metaphor.

Metaphor is a figure of speech in which an implicit comparison existing between two different things is hinted only, not clearly stated.

In the given example the two different things are the 'camel' and the 'ship'. The point of comparison is that the camel is the main  means of transportation in desert, as the ship in the sea. The comparison is implied/hinted only, not clearly stated. So this is an example of Metaphor.

👉 Antithesis ( Figure based on Difference )

" United we stand, divided we fall "

This is an example of Antithesis.

Antithesis is a figure of speech in which two contrasted words or ideas are placed together in a balanced form for the sake of emphasis.

In the given example the two contrasted ideas, the effect of  'union' and that of 'division' are placed together in a balanced form to secure more emphasis. So, this is an example of Antithesis. 

👉 Epigram ( Figure based on Difference )

"Failure is the pillar of success"

This is an example of Epigram.

Epigram is a figure of speech in which we find a contradiction in the apparent meaning that causes a temporary shock but an underlying significance is revealed if we think deeply.

In the given example the apparent meaning is contradictory and shocking. It is right that a failure person finds his/her faults, corrects them, tries hard and ultimately bigger success comes. This is the deeper meaning underneath. So, this an example of Epigram. 

👉 Oxymoron (Figure based on Difference)

"Life is bitter sweet."

This is an example of Oxymoron.

Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two contradictory words or ideas are placed side by side to enhance the effect of speech.

In the given example the contradictory words are 'bitter' and 'sweet'. The words are juxtaposed (paced side by side) and it makes the meaning of life more effective. So, this an example of Oxymoron. So, this an example of Oxymoron. 

👉 Climax (Figure based on Difference) 

" We will hear him, we will follow him, we will die with him." 

This is an example of Climax.

Climax is a figure of speech in which the words or ideas are arranged in an ascending order of importance or impressiveness.

In the given example the idea or action of 'hearing', 'following' and 'dying'  are arranged in an ascending order of importance or impressiveness. So this an example of Climax.

👉Anti-climax / Bathos (Figure based on Difference)

" She lost her husband, her children and her handkerchief." 

This is an example of  Anti-climax.

 Anti-climax is a figure of speech in which we find a sudden fall from the lofty  to the mean idea or thought in order to excite laughter.

In the given example the  sudden fall is from the words of intimate relationship 'husband' and 'children' to the unimportant word 'handkerchief. So, this an example of Anti-climax. 

👉 Metonymy ( Figure based on  Association)

"I have read Milton."

This is an example of Metonymy.

Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one thing is substituted for that of another and these two things remain loosely associated.

In the given example Milton means the writings of Milton. One thing (Milton) is substituted for that of another (work of Milton) and the association between these two things is loose. So, this is an example of Metonymy.

👉 Synecdoche  ( Figure based on  Association)

" Five hundred hands work in this factory."

This is an example of Synecdoche

 Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which the name of one thing is substituted for that of another and these two things remain closely associated.

In the given example the word 'hands' is used for 'workers'. One thing (hands) is substituted for that of another (workers) and the association between these two things is very close. So, this is an example of Synecdoche.

👉Hypallage / Transferred Epithet ( Figure based on  Association)

"The bellman's drowsy charm."

This is an example of  Hypallage / Transferred Epithet.

Hypallage / Transferred Epithet is a figure of speech in which an adjective of epithet  is transferred or shifted from the proper subject to another word with which the subject is associated in any way.

In the given example the adjective 'drowsy' is transferred from the proper subject 'bellman' to another word 'charm' with which the subject is associated. 

👉 Allusion ( Figure based on  Association)

 " Now we clap / Our hands, and cry, 'Eureka', it is clear.

This is an example of Allusion

Allusion  is a figure of speech in which we find some word or expression that recalls some well-known  or notable saying, writing, event or character of the past.

In the given example the word 'Eureka' reminds us the name of the great scientist and philosopher Archimedes who exclaimed with the word 'Eureka'. So, this is an example of Allusion.

👉 Personification (Figure based on Imagination)

" Proud be the rose, with rains and dews."

This is an example of  Personification.

Personification is a figure of speech in which nature or an inanimate object or an abstract idea is invested with the attribute of a living being.

In the given example the rose, an object of nature, is invested with the attribute of a living being with the help of the word 'proud'. The rose is made to behave like a human being. So, this is an example of Personification.

👉 Apostrophe (Figure based on Imagination)

 " Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean, roll."

This is an example of  Apostrophe.

Apostrophe  is a figure of speech in which a short impassioned address is made to an absent or dead person or to an element of nature or to an inanimate object or to an abstract idea.

In the given example an impassioned address is made to the ocean which is a part of nature. So, this is an example of Apostrophe .

👉 Pathetic Fallacy (Figure based on Imagination)

" The river sighed  at the sorrow of the girl."

This is an example of  Pathetic Fallacy.

 Pathetic Fallacy is a figure of speech in which nature is represented as showing interest in the human matter or action, by sympathy or antipathy.

In the given example the river, a part of nature, is sighing for the sorrow of the girl. Nature shows interest in the human matter. So, this is an example of  Pathetic Fallacy.

👉 Hyperbole (Figure based on Imagination)

" I saw their chief tall as a rock of ice ; "

This is an example of Hyperbole.

Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which an exaggerated statement is made to present thing/s more or less than the real state.

In the given example the 'chief'  is compared with the tall rock of ice. It is really the over-colouring the matter or an exaggeration. So, this is an example of Hyperbole. 

👉 Irony (Figure based on Indirectness)

" He is delighted in the friendly act of insulting me."

This is an example of Irony.

Irony is a figure of speech in which the meaning of the sentence is very opposite or contrary of what is intended to be expressed and the purpose is to hurt someone.

In the given example the word 'friendly' is used to mean rudeness and enmity, the very opposite of its literal meaning. So,this is an example of Irony.

👉 Euphemism (Figure based on Indirectness)

" Alas ! he breathed his last on Sunday."

This is an example of Euphemism.

Euphemism is a figure of speech in which a harsh and disagreeable statement is softened and expressed in a pleasing and polite manner.

In the given example "he breathed his last" means ' he died'. Naturally, a harsh and disagreeable statement is softened and expressed in a  polite manner. So, this is an example of  Euphemism.

👉 Periphrasis / Circumlocution (Figure based on Indirectness)

"Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines."

This is an example of Periphrasis / Circumlocution.

Periphrasis / Circumlocution is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is expressed in a roundabout way in stead of saying it directly.

In the given example "eye of heaven' means the 'Sun'. It is expressed in a roundabout way in stead of saying it directly. So this is an example of Periphrasis / Circumlocution. 

👉 Pun / Paronomasia (Figure based on Sound )

"When a woman loses her husband, she pines for a second."

This is an example of Pun / Paronomasia.

Pun / Paronomasia is a figure of speech in which we find a duplicity of sense under the unity of sound and it provokes laughter.

In the given example the expression  ' a second' bears two meaning :one is 'for a brief time' and the other meaning is 'for a second husband'. We fine the duplicity of sense under the unity of sound. So,this is an example of Pun / Paronomasia.

👉 Onomatopoeia (Figure based on Sound )

" The gathering swallows witter in the skies".

This is an example of Onomatopoeia.

Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech in which the sound of words is made to reflect their sense or echos the sense.

In the given example the sound of  the word 'twitter'  echoes its sense, the  chirping of the birds. So, this is an example of Onomatopoeia.

👉 Alliteration (Figure based on Sound )

"He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast."

This is an example of Alliteration . 

Alliteration is a figure of speech in which the same letter, sound or syllable is repeated at the beginning of successive or nearly successive words.

In the given example the same letter 'b' is repeated at the beginning of successive and nearly successive words 'bravely', 'broached', 'boiling', 'bloody' and 'breast.' So,this is an example of Alliteration . 

👉 Interrogation ( Figure based on Construction)

" Who is here so base that would be a bondman." 

This is an example of Interrogation . 

Interrogation  is a figure of speech in which a question is asked and a strong affirmation, often that of contrary, is implied in the very form of the question.

In the given example a question is asked, but the very form of the question implies a negative answer  that nobody likes to be a bondman. The answer is given in the question. So this is an example of  Interrogation.

👉 Hyperbaton / Inversion (Figure based on Construction)

"Much have I travelled in the realms of gold."

This is an example of  Hyperbaton / Inversion .

Hyperbaton / Inversion  is a figure of speech in which the grammatical order of the words in a sentence is inverted to secure emphasis. 

In the given example the grammatical order of the words  is inverted.The original order should have been  'I have travelled  much in the realms of gold. So, This is an example of  Hyperbaton / Inversion .

👉 Exclamation ( Figure based on Construction)

" But Alas ! Caesar must bleed for it."

This is an example of Exclamation.

Exclamation  is a figure of speech in which an expression of emotion, desire or contemplation is made generally introducing an interjection or the words such as how, what, etc.

In the given example  the speaker's emotion, a deep concern, is expressed with the help of the interjection 'alas'. So, This is an example  of Exclamation.

👉  Chiasmus ( Figure based on Construction)

" Beauty is Truth, Truth is Beauty "

This is an example of Chiasmus.

Chiasmus is a figure of speech  which  consists in an inversion of  the order of words or phrases when repeated in a sentence with a view to capturing emphasis or impressiveness.

In the given example the words 'beauty' and 'truth' are artistically inversed and the meaning  of the sentence become more impressive. So, This is an example  of Chiasmus.

 👉 Zeugma ( Figure based on Construction)

" The moment and the vessel passed "

This is an example of Zeugma . 

Zeugma is a figure of speech in which a single word (verb) stands in the same grammatical relationship to two or more other words but with an obvious shift  in its meaning.

In the given example the verb'passed' is related to two words 'moment' and 'vessel'. Separate verb should be supplied for these two words.  So, This is an example  of Zeugma.