Showing posts with label Essay. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Essay. Show all posts

Sunday, October 24, 2021

"Dream Children : A Reverie" of Charles Lamb - Summary and interpretation.

Introduction 

"Dream Children : A Reverie" is a Romantic and Autobiographical Essay written by the famous English essayist Charles Lamb. This essay has been taken  from "The Essays of Elia". In the essay Lamb  is telling the story of his childhood and youth to his children John and Alice who are dream children.Actually Lamb was a confirmed bachelor and so he had no children. Though Lamb courted Alice Winterton for long seven years, he could not marry his beloved. Charles Lamb had to sacrifice his personal comfort, personal life rather, for taking care of his insane sister Mary Ann Lamb. Mary, introduced as Bridget in this essay , was sent to lunatic asylum for a period of time and ultimately she was released to the care of her brother Lamb. The essayist Charles Lamb was first employed in the South Sea House and later in the East India House Where he worked till his superannuation. 

Summary : Charles Lamb has started his essay with a universal expression :" Children love to listen to stories about their elders, when they were children;" Here we find no exception. One evening Lamb's little ones (children)  crept  to him to hear about their great-grandmother (Lamb's grandmother Mary Field) Mrs. Field. This lady lived in a big house in Norfolk with all dignity though she was the caretaker of this great mansion. The whole story of the 'Ballad of the children in the wood' was carved in wood upon the chimney  piece, but the owner of the house  replaced it with  a marble having no story carved upon it. The owner purchased a new and fashionable building somewhere in the neighbouring country. Mrs. Field lived here alone and kept up all dignity of this big mansion so long she lived and after her death everything of this house decayed. Naturally, all the old and antique ornaments of this great palace were carried away and set up in the new house that looked  awkward.

Mrs Field was a lady of great quality and personality. Every one of the locality loved and respected her for her good and pious nature. She knew all the psalms and a great part of the Testament by heart. When she died, all the poor and some of the gentry of the neighbourhood surrounding many miles assembled to attend her funeral. It proves her dignity and acceptability. Lamb's grandmother was a tall, upright and graceful person, an esteemed dancer, but cancer attacked her , bowed her down and stopped her rhythm. It could not robe her good spirit and mental strength. Charles Lamb,when was a boy, used to come here and spent many a hours, many a days, in his grandmother's great house in Norfolk.

Mrs. Field, Lamb says to his  children, was not only good and religious, but  very courageous also. She lived all alone in this big house which was frequented, she believed, by the apparition of two infants. The child ghosts were seen at midnight gliding up and down the staircase where Mrs. Field slept. She said:"those innocents would do her no harm". Charles was very much afraid of the apparition though the maid did sleep with him. He never came across the infants. Mrs. Field was very good to all her grand children and loved intensely them who got together in the house during holidays. 

Charles Lamb says to his children John and Alice about how he spent his days in the big house in his own romantic way. There were the busts of twelve Caesars, the Emperors of Rome, in that house. Lamb gazed upon them in such a meditative way that either the marble heads seemed to be alive again or Lamb himself turned into marble with the Caesars. He roamed in the vast empty rooms of  the huge  mansion tirelessly , roamed amidst  the old worn-out hangings and tapestry. In the specious old-fashioned garden Lamb wandered all alone except the occasional meeting with the solitary gardener. He was not tempted to pluck the peaches or nectarines, he only gained immense pleasure in strolling among the melancholy looking yew trees or the firs. He sank into the fresh grass of the garden enjoying the smell around him and the warmth of the orangery. At the bottom of the garden there was a fish pond where a 'dace' moved to and fro and a 'pike' stood midway down the water still. He gained pleasure more  in this busy-idle diversions than all those sweet scented fruits which are the common bait of the children.

Charles Lamb now told about the uncle of John and Alice. Their uncle John L---- was loved most by their grandmother because he was a handsome, brave and spirited boy, king to the rest.Charles liked to be pent up in the house and garden, but John could mount up the most mettlesome horse , roamed the surrounding area and joined the hunters. John drew others' attention and admiration, that of  their grandmother specially. When Charles became lame-footed and could not walk for pain, John carried him many a mile. On the other hand, when John became lame-footed Charles could not tolerate him like an ungrateful brother. Once the doctor amputated the limb of John and later he died. After John's death Charles realized the distance between life and death, now he missed John very much and wished to have him again.

Towards the end of the essay Charles Lamb told his children that he courted their mother Alice Winterton for seven years. He found that his daughter Alice took after her mother accurately with the same bright hair, same look. At that point he gazed at John and Alice and felt that both of the children started receding , receding farther and farther ; they gradually grew fainter and at last two mournful features were seen at the uttermost distance. The whole situation impressed upon Lamb the effects of some speech like this : " We are not of Alice, nor of thee, nor are we children at all.The children of Alice call Bartrum father. We are nothing, less than nothing, and dreams. We are only what might have been,....". Suddenly Lamb awoke from his reverie  and found that he was sitting on his bachelor's arm-chair, only the faithful Bridget, his sister , was by his side.   

Thursday, September 17, 2020

Francis Bacon's Essay "Of Discourse" : A Complete Paraphrase.


“Of Discourse”, an aphoristic essay of  the famous essayist Francis Bacon, was first published in 1597. The grave subject matter , unique style and universal values of this essay has given him a high place in the world literature. 

 

Paraphrase of the Essay:

 

Literally ‘Discourse’ means speech, lecture, discussion or conversation , here it means 'speech' as a courtly accomplishment. In his essay ‘Of  Discourse’ Bacon has given us some important advices regarding effective discussion. It is seen that some people, in time of discourse, desire praise of the skill and style of saying instead of intellectual efficiency and the final evaluation, as they can control and sustain all arguments. They demand  praise of what is said, not of what is thought, caring little of judgement, the truth in the discourse. In a word, ‘Manner’ (style of saying)  is more important to them than ‘Matter’ (theme of saying) It is seen that, in time of discourse, some concentrate on the  common place subject matter. This ordinary matter may thematically be good, but want variety which is a kind of weakness (Poverty). For this lacking of variety, the discourse  becomes monotonous, tiresome and ultimately ridiculous. So variety is an essential element in  good discourse.

 

The most worthy part of a discourse  is  to open the situation with the help of conversation, to regulate it and to move to some other means like speech or discussion. It will continue the discourse which would attract and draw others. In discourse (sustained speech) and in conversation (quick exchange of words) it is very good  to make proper changes (vary) and to intermingle up various matters of present interest and that of permanent interest (argument). An able talker should  follow some rules. Theories should be mingled with anecdotes, some questions regarding their opinion should be asked. There must have some jest in the earnest thought. Without jest a  discourse becomes dull that tires a person. Continuous speaking is like the overdrive, a long distance. Though conversation should be spiced with jest some matter must be exempted from it and these  are religion, matter of state, great persons, urgent important business and pitiful matters.

 

There are some talkers who go with the wrong idea that they would not be taken as witty and efficient if they fail to taunt others and fail to make hurtful remarks in time of discourse. Bacon advises us to control this habit (vein). Now he advises us to follow Ovid's remark: "Spare the spur, boy, and use the rein more strongly." It means that the discourse can be encouraged to any extent, but there must have some control over it to avoid defame and danger. Any person can make difference between salty or pleasant talks (saltness) and bitter or taunting talk (bitterness). Some persons have the habit to make a satirical attacks and they make such an atmosphere that other persons are afraid of their knowledge. They must remember other person's memory, that means everything  is in other's mind as grudges that increases day by day and one day it will be hurled to the former.

 

Discourse  is the source of gathering knowledge. One who makes much questions, learns much and becomes content. Benefit is gathered when the question is up to the knowledge and skill of other persons. If the other person can answer, he would speak more and the discourser would gather more knowledge. The question should not be tough like that of an examiner. Every person involved  in discourse should be given chance to speak. If one speaks too much and takes all the time, the person should be stopped and other persons should be given chances to speak. If one subject is discussed continually, the discourser should introduce other subject, the former being stopped. Monopolizing conversation is not effective and it is compared to the galliards (a type of lively dance) where the musician changes the group and brings the new one.

 

If any person wants to disclaim his knowledge, his genuine pleas of  ignorance would be regarded as modesty. There may be some situation where he does not really have knowledge, but the other person would believe that the former disclaims the  matter. Speech of oneself should be seldom and well chosen. Self-propaganda is discouraged by Bacon.  His advice is that one must be very wise if one speaks much of oneself. If a  person wants to praise himself he should do that with good grace and he should praise the virtue in others first, then his own, particularly when the virtue is pretended to be possessed. 

 

Any speech of personal matter that  touches others, hurts others, should be used judiciously. Discourse should be like a field - open to all sides. It means that discourse should be free and varied that would cover manifold subject and the discourse would be continued without  any obstructions. Discourse should have no fixed destination. This time Bacon has given an anecdote about the discourse during dining related to two  Noblemen of  England. One of them used to sneer or taunt,  but always retained a congenial and cheerful atmosphere in his house. The other Nobleman was very inquisitive about the taunting of the first Nobleman. He asked those who dined with the first Nobleman if there was any blow or flout or taunting during the dinner. The guests  would answer that there was such and such talking. The second Nobleman commented that the first Nobleman used to mar the dinner by scoffing others. Bacon wants  to say that harsh comment and taunting during meal brings about bad effect on digestion.

 

Towards the end of the essay Bacon says that agreeable speech is more important  than the speech given with eloquence, given with good words  in good order. A good long and continued speech (settled speech) without quick exchange of words (interlocution) indicates the dullness of the discourse. On the other hand, only quick reply without settled speech (a speech that takes time) exposes ignorance and intellectual infirmity. Here Bacon has given an analogy of grey hound and hare. A hare is quick in movement (nimblest) but weak in the straight run a long distance and the greyhound is the opposite. Similar in the way, a good continued speech  is slow but rich in subject matter, and  a conversation with quick exchange of words is weak in subject matter. Much digression (circumstances) before arriving the main topic makes the discourse tedious and a subject without any digression makes it very uninteresting, a dull one.

 

 

 

Ref : University Study Guide.

 

 

Francis Bacon’s Essay “ Of Studies ” : A complete Paraphrase.


“OfStudies”, an aphoristic essay of  the famous essayist Francis Bacon, was first published in 1597. The grave subject matter , unique style and universal values of this essay has given him a high place in the world literature.       

 

Paraphrase of the Essay:

 Study fills the reader with a sort of aesthetic ‘delight’, endless pleasure. It gives us ‘ornament’ that means an elegant  mode of speaking. It also helps us to acquire experience and wisdom with the help of which we can combat the crisis and adversity of life. This quality is called ‘ability’. So, study serves three purposes : pleasing the readers (delight), enabling the readers to have command over language (ornament) and endowing the readers with practical wisdom (ability). When a man is alone (privateness) and in a state of leisure (retiring), he needs the company of books that makes his forlornness enjoyable. A well studied person is able to speak fluently, logically and in attractive manner and by dint of which he can easily impress others.

One who reads copiously can develop the power of  judgement, can understand what is right and what is wrong and with this quality he can discharge his duties properly.  An expert man can only execute . He only follows the blue-prints and gives it a material shape. But a learned man or well-studied person is full of resourcefulness, he has the power of invention , he gives direction, makes planning and says the proper sequence of work. For example, the mason may be an expert man and the engineer will be learned one whose plans and directions are executed by the mason. 

Over reading is not encouraged because it creates a sort of idleness and prevents the reader's mind from thinking independently. Be a book lover, not a book-worm. When one uses rhetoric much, the matter of deception comes. Some persons makes their judgement strictly according to the rules laid down in books. They are a sort of slaves to a 'set of rules'. In the case of scholar it is humour. 

Man has some natural abilities like thinking, feeling, imagination etc. which can be polished, modified, enhanced and improved only by studies, added with experience. If a plant it is not trimmed by the gardener, it grows without any pattern  and looks inattractive. Similarly study gives order to our natural knowledge and makes it more relevant as well as useful. Only study is not sufficient. Experience is necessary as it guides our knowledge and it helps us to be practical and to make the study useful. 

Bacon refers to three categories of people: crafty man, simple man and wise man. Crafty man, being full of cunningness, shows no respect to study. They are gifted with much common sense by exploiting of which they easily achieve the material success in life. So, study is mere  waste of time to them. Simple men, who have practically no access to academic exercises are charmed and interested to studies and they admire it. Only wise men know how to utilize study and enrich their minds. Study gives knowledge but can not teach the reader how to utilize that knowledge in the practical field of life. Here Bacon lays stress on observation. A true reader should be a keen observer of the matters of life. Observation adds to his experience which helps him to make use the book-based knowledge. So, reading alone is not sufficient, it should  be augmented by observations.

 Many persons have the idea that reading book is for contradicting and that is a credit to them.  Bacon condemns it much. Some persons read and believe everything what is written in book without weighing the validity of the ideas expressed by the author. They should develop some faculty of scanning and the  illogical portions written in study materials should he rejected by them. The true objective of study is to weigh and consider.

 Bacon says that all books are not identical or of same quality. Some books are of little substance and some are of great value. For this various standard, various method of reading are established. Some books are to be read in parts, some without curiosity and some, very few in number, with diligence and attention. For example, a magazine is read lightly, only tasted; a railway time table is read in parts, the notes for the examination are swallowed and topics like Freedom, Paradise Lost etc. are duly chewed and digested, that is, they are read with rapt attention. Some books are read with the help of deputy and assistants who make the summary of the books. This summarized version of the original text is said the distilled book by Bacon and such book is insipid or tasteless like distilled water. This is not healthy for mind also. 

Reading makes a full man that does not mean a complete man or total man. Full man means a man full of book based knowledge. Conference contributes to readiness and presence of mind. Exactness can be achieved by continuous writing. So, the three things - deep knowledge, ready wit and exactness jointly result in the perfection of one's mind and personality. Then a complete man is born. Some relaxations are given by Bacon. One may do well without 'conference' if one is innately endowed with extra-ordinary  presence of mind. Writing very little, one may do well if one is with exceptionally great memory. Cunningness is essential for a man who reads little and this enables a man to manage the situations like a learned one, though the former conceals his less-studies and little-learning. 

Towards the end of the essay Bacon deals with the utility of the study of different subjects. History enriches our mind with knowledge of past. Poetry, making us imaginative, makes us witty. Mathematics adds to our subtlety and exactness. Natural philosophy like physics, chemistry, metaphysics etc. provides us with depth. Moral science makes us grave, serious minded and sober. Logic and rhetoric makes us expert and impressive speaker. 

To make the utility of study clear Bacon has given a Latin proverb : "abeunt  studia in mores". When translated into English it means ‘studies pass into character’. In other words, studies mould a character or the character of a man is determined by what he reads. Studies generally give a man solidity, power of endurance and courage to confront. So, obstacles are no more obstacles to a  well-studied or learned man. 

Studies have some healing properties and it can serve as remedies to some defects of mind. For example, a wandering mind can be made calm with the help of mathematics. Study of ‘Schoolmen’, the hair-splitter philosopher of middle- age, can cure the mind which lacks distinguishing power. The demonstration of anything makes one attentive step by step. When the memory does not operate well, we must study law books which teach us to call up the old cases and establish the desired  conclusion. So, for every defect of mind there must have a proper remedy or recipe and that comes from profound and profuse study. 


 

Reference : 
University Study Guide