The blog is about english language , english literature ( poetry , drama , novel , short stories ) and english grammar .
Sunday, October 24, 2021
"Dream Children : A Reverie" of Charles Lamb - Summary and interpretation.
Thursday, September 17, 2020
Francis Bacon's Essay "Of Discourse" : A Complete Paraphrase.
“Of Discourse”, an aphoristic essay of the famous essayist Francis Bacon, was first published in 1597. The grave subject matter , unique style and universal values of this essay has given him a high place in the world literature.
Paraphrase of the Essay:
Literally ‘Discourse’ means speech, lecture, discussion or conversation , here it means 'speech' as a courtly accomplishment. In his essay ‘Of Discourse’ Bacon has given us some important advices regarding effective discussion. It is seen that some people, in time of discourse, desire praise of the skill and style of saying instead of intellectual efficiency and the final evaluation, as they can control and sustain all arguments. They demand praise of what is said, not of what is thought, caring little of judgement, the truth in the discourse. In a word, ‘Manner’ (style of saying) is more important to them than ‘Matter’ (theme of saying) It is seen that, in time of discourse, some concentrate on the common place subject matter. This ordinary matter may thematically be good, but want variety which is a kind of weakness (Poverty). For this lacking of variety, the discourse becomes monotonous, tiresome and ultimately ridiculous. So variety is an essential element in good discourse.
The most worthy part of a discourse is to open the situation with the help of conversation, to regulate it and to move to some other means like speech or discussion. It will continue the discourse which would attract and draw others. In discourse (sustained speech) and in conversation (quick exchange of words) it is very good to make proper changes (vary) and to intermingle up various matters of present interest and that of permanent interest (argument). An able talker should follow some rules. Theories should be mingled with anecdotes, some questions regarding their opinion should be asked. There must have some jest in the earnest thought. Without jest a discourse becomes dull that tires a person. Continuous speaking is like the overdrive, a long distance. Though conversation should be spiced with jest some matter must be exempted from it and these are religion, matter of state, great persons, urgent important business and pitiful matters.
There are some talkers who go with the wrong idea that they would not be taken as witty and efficient if they fail to taunt others and fail to make hurtful remarks in time of discourse. Bacon advises us to control this habit (vein). Now he advises us to follow Ovid's remark: "Spare the spur, boy, and use the rein more strongly." It means that the discourse can be encouraged to any extent, but there must have some control over it to avoid defame and danger. Any person can make difference between salty or pleasant talks (saltness) and bitter or taunting talk (bitterness). Some persons have the habit to make a satirical attacks and they make such an atmosphere that other persons are afraid of their knowledge. They must remember other person's memory, that means everything is in other's mind as grudges that increases day by day and one day it will be hurled to the former.
Discourse is the source of gathering knowledge. One who makes much questions, learns much and becomes content. Benefit is gathered when the question is up to the knowledge and skill of other persons. If the other person can answer, he would speak more and the discourser would gather more knowledge. The question should not be tough like that of an examiner. Every person involved in discourse should be given chance to speak. If one speaks too much and takes all the time, the person should be stopped and other persons should be given chances to speak. If one subject is discussed continually, the discourser should introduce other subject, the former being stopped. Monopolizing conversation is not effective and it is compared to the galliards (a type of lively dance) where the musician changes the group and brings the new one.
If any person wants to disclaim his knowledge, his genuine pleas of ignorance would be regarded as modesty. There may be some situation where he does not really have knowledge, but the other person would believe that the former disclaims the matter. Speech of oneself should be seldom and well chosen. Self-propaganda is discouraged by Bacon. His advice is that one must be very wise if one speaks much of oneself. If a person wants to praise himself he should do that with good grace and he should praise the virtue in others first, then his own, particularly when the virtue is pretended to be possessed.
Any speech of personal matter that touches others, hurts others, should be used judiciously. Discourse should be like a field - open to all sides. It means that discourse should be free and varied that would cover manifold subject and the discourse would be continued without any obstructions. Discourse should have no fixed destination. This time Bacon has given an anecdote about the discourse during dining related to two Noblemen of England. One of them used to sneer or taunt, but always retained a congenial and cheerful atmosphere in his house. The other Nobleman was very inquisitive about the taunting of the first Nobleman. He asked those who dined with the first Nobleman if there was any blow or flout or taunting during the dinner. The guests would answer that there was such and such talking. The second Nobleman commented that the first Nobleman used to mar the dinner by scoffing others. Bacon wants to say that harsh comment and taunting during meal brings about bad effect on digestion.
Towards the end of the essay Bacon says that agreeable speech is more important than the speech given with eloquence, given with good words in good order. A good long and continued speech (settled speech) without quick exchange of words (interlocution) indicates the dullness of the discourse. On the other hand, only quick reply without settled speech (a speech that takes time) exposes ignorance and intellectual infirmity. Here Bacon has given an analogy of grey hound and hare. A hare is quick in movement (nimblest) but weak in the straight run a long distance and the greyhound is the opposite. Similar in the way, a good continued speech is slow but rich in subject matter, and a conversation with quick exchange of words is weak in subject matter. Much digression (circumstances) before arriving the main topic makes the discourse tedious and a subject without any digression makes it very uninteresting, a dull one.
Francis Bacon’s Essay “ Of Studies ” : A complete Paraphrase.
“OfStudies”, an aphoristic essay of the famous essayist Francis Bacon, was first published in 1597. The grave subject matter , unique style and universal values of this essay has given him a high place in the world literature.
Study fills the reader with a sort of aesthetic ‘delight’, endless pleasure. It gives us ‘ornament’ that means an elegant mode of speaking. It also helps us to acquire experience and wisdom with the help of which we can combat the crisis and adversity of life. This quality is called ‘ability’. So, study serves three purposes : pleasing the readers (delight), enabling the readers to have command over language (ornament) and endowing the readers with practical wisdom (ability). When a man is alone (privateness) and in a state of leisure (retiring), he needs the company of books that makes his forlornness enjoyable. A well studied person is able to speak fluently, logically and in attractive manner and by dint of which he can easily impress others.
One who reads copiously can develop the power of judgement, can understand what is right and what is wrong and with this quality he can discharge his duties properly. An expert man can only execute . He only follows the blue-prints and gives it a material shape. But a learned man or well-studied person is full of resourcefulness, he has the power of invention , he gives direction, makes planning and says the proper sequence of work. For example, the mason may be an expert man and the engineer will be learned one whose plans and directions are executed by the mason.
Over reading is not encouraged because it creates a sort of idleness and prevents the reader's mind from thinking independently. Be a book lover, not a book-worm. When one uses rhetoric much, the matter of deception comes. Some persons makes their judgement strictly according to the rules laid down in books. They are a sort of slaves to a 'set of rules'. In the case of scholar it is humour.
Man has some natural abilities like thinking, feeling, imagination etc. which can be polished, modified, enhanced and improved only by studies, added with experience. If a plant it is not trimmed by the gardener, it grows without any pattern and looks inattractive. Similarly study gives order to our natural knowledge and makes it more relevant as well as useful. Only study is not sufficient. Experience is necessary as it guides our knowledge and it helps us to be practical and to make the study useful.
Bacon refers to three categories of people: crafty man, simple man and wise man. Crafty man, being full of cunningness, shows no respect to study. They are gifted with much common sense by exploiting of which they easily achieve the material success in life. So, study is mere waste of time to them. Simple men, who have practically no access to academic exercises are charmed and interested to studies and they admire it. Only wise men know how to utilize study and enrich their minds. Study gives knowledge but can not teach the reader how to utilize that knowledge in the practical field of life. Here Bacon lays stress on observation. A true reader should be a keen observer of the matters of life. Observation adds to his experience which helps him to make use the book-based knowledge. So, reading alone is not sufficient, it should be augmented by observations.
Many persons have the idea that reading book is for contradicting and that is a credit to them. Bacon condemns it much. Some persons read and believe everything what is written in book without weighing the validity of the ideas expressed by the author. They should develop some faculty of scanning and the illogical portions written in study materials should he rejected by them. The true objective of study is to weigh and consider.
Bacon says that all books are not identical or of same quality. Some books are of little substance and some are of great value. For this various standard, various method of reading are established. Some books are to be read in parts, some without curiosity and some, very few in number, with diligence and attention. For example, a magazine is read lightly, only tasted; a railway time table is read in parts, the notes for the examination are swallowed and topics like Freedom, Paradise Lost etc. are duly chewed and digested, that is, they are read with rapt attention. Some books are read with the help of deputy and assistants who make the summary of the books. This summarized version of the original text is said the distilled book by Bacon and such book is insipid or tasteless like distilled water. This is not healthy for mind also.
Reading makes a full man that does not mean a complete man or total man. Full man means a man full of book based knowledge. Conference contributes to readiness and presence of mind. Exactness can be achieved by continuous writing. So, the three things - deep knowledge, ready wit and exactness jointly result in the perfection of one's mind and personality. Then a complete man is born. Some relaxations are given by Bacon. One may do well without 'conference' if one is innately endowed with extra-ordinary presence of mind. Writing very little, one may do well if one is with exceptionally great memory. Cunningness is essential for a man who reads little and this enables a man to manage the situations like a learned one, though the former conceals his less-studies and little-learning.
Towards the end of the essay Bacon deals with the utility of the study of different subjects. History enriches our mind with knowledge of past. Poetry, making us imaginative, makes us witty. Mathematics adds to our subtlety and exactness. Natural philosophy like physics, chemistry, metaphysics etc. provides us with depth. Moral science makes us grave, serious minded and sober. Logic and rhetoric makes us expert and impressive speaker.
To make the utility of study clear Bacon has given a Latin proverb : "abeunt studia in mores". When translated into English it means ‘studies pass into character’. In other words, studies mould a character or the character of a man is determined by what he reads. Studies generally give a man solidity, power of endurance and courage to confront. So, obstacles are no more obstacles to a well-studied or learned man.
Studies have some healing properties and it can serve as remedies to some defects of mind. For example, a wandering mind can be made calm with the help of mathematics. Study of ‘Schoolmen’, the hair-splitter philosopher of middle- age, can cure the mind which lacks distinguishing power. The demonstration of anything makes one attentive step by step. When the memory does not operate well, we must study law books which teach us to call up the old cases and establish the desired conclusion. So, for every defect of mind there must have a proper remedy or recipe and that comes from profound and profuse study.